44
Table 5. Mean and standard deviation of five key variables of this study among participants who
completed all three assessments (66 participants)
Time 1 Time 2 Time 3
M Sd M Sd M Sd
Anxiety
a
1.00 0.84 0.85 0.77 0.71 0.61
No
Interaction
0.99 0.86 0.76 0.74 0.80 0.64
Minimal
Interaction
1.00 0.82 0.89 0.74 0.63 0.58
Meaningful
Interaction
1.05 1.15 1.43 2.02 0.94 0.82
Depression
b
1.04 0.57 0.93 0.56 0.81 0.48
No
Interaction
1.06 0.60 0.91 0.51 0.91 0.52
Minimal
Interaction
1.03 0.57 0.93 0.59 0.73 0.44
Meaningful
Interaction
1.05 0.48 1.03 0.68 0.87 0.62
Loneliness
c
(UCLA)
2.51 0.59 2.44 0.60 2.31 0.59
No
Interaction
2.54 0.69 2.46 0.67 2.92 0.81
Minimal
Interaction
2.50 0.54 2.40 0.57 2.28 0.53
Meaningful
Interaction
2.35 0.28 2.72 0.28 2.28 0.37
Loneliness
d
(Howatt)
3.09 0.68 2.85 0.70 2.57 0.65
No
Interaction
3.09 0.76 2.92 0.81 2.56 0.76
Minimal
Interaction
3.13 0.64 2.82 0.63 2.59 0.57
Meaningful
Interaction
2.67 0.08 2.67 0.63 2.42 0.68
Perceived
Isolation
e
69.84 18.79 68.28 18.41 65.05 15.13
No
Interaction
71.04 18.93 70.60 15.85 67.68 15.59
Minimal
Interaction
69.57 19.63 67.09 20.48 63.79 16.40
Meaningful
Interaction
65.67 8.32 57.50 14.85 53.00 24.04
Note.
a
: mean score across items was used, which ranged from 0 to 3, higher scores indicate higher anxiety;
b
: mean
score across items was used, which ranged from 0 to 3, higher scores indicate higher depression;
c
: mean score
across items was used, which ranged from 1 to 4, higher scores indicate greater loneliness;
d
: mean score across
items was used which ranged from 1 to 5, higher scores indicate greater loneliness;
e
: total score was used which
ranged from 29 to 145, higher scores indicate greater isolation.
